| 1. |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. |
Printed/flexible/organic electronics market |
| 1.2. |
Printed/flexible electronics in automotive applications. |
| 1.3. |
Transitions in the automotive industry |
| 1.4. |
Advantages of roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing |
| 1.5. |
What is flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)? |
| 1.6. |
Automotive-relevant attributes of FHE |
| 1.7. |
Printed/flexible electronics in vehicle powertrains. |
| 1.8. |
Battery thermal management: Optimal temperature required |
| 1.9. |
Integrated pressure/temperature sensors and heaters for battery cells |
| 1.10. |
Technological/commercial readiness level of printed/flexible electronics in vehicle powertrains |
| 1.11. |
Vehicle interiors increasingly provide differentiation |
| 1.12. |
Printed/flexible electronics for vehicle interiors |
| 1.13. |
Printed/flexible electronics opportunities from car interior trends |
| 1.14. |
Printed/flexible electronics enables cost differentiation and/or cost reduction |
| 1.15. |
Integrated stretchable pressure sensors |
| 1.16. |
Innovative integration of capacitive touch screens |
| 1.17. |
Hybrid piezoresistive/capacitive sensors |
| 1.18. |
Metallization and materials for each 3D electronics methodology |
| 1.19. |
Motivation for 3D electronics |
| 1.20. |
In-mold electronics: Summary |
| 1.21. |
Printed/flexible electronics in automotive displays and lighting |
| 1.22. |
Technological/commercial readiness level of printed/flexible electronics in vehicle interiors |
| 1.23. |
Printed/flexible electronics for vehicle exteriors |
| 1.24. |
SWIR for autonomous mobility and ADAS |
| 1.25. |
Transparent electronics for ADAS radar |
| 1.26. |
Opportunities for printed/flexible electronics in exterior automotive lighting |
| 1.27. |
Transparent heaters for exterior lighting/sensors/windows |
| 1.28. |
Where are printed/flexible photovoltaics envisaged in cars? |
| 1.29. |
Technological/commercial readiness level of printed/flexible electronics in vehicle exteriors |
| 1.30. |
Global car market forecast by powertrain |
| 1.31. |
Overall forecast: Printed/flexible electronics in automotive applications (volume) |
| 1.32. |
Overall forecast for printed/flexible electronics in automotive applications (volume) (data table) |
| 1.33. |
Overall forecast: Printed/flexible electronics in automotive applications (revenue) |
| 1.34. |
Overall forecast for printed/flexible electronics in automotive applications (revenue) (data table) |
| 1.35. |
Forecast revenue CAGR 2021-2031 |
| 2. |
INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1.1. |
Printed/flexible/organic electronics market |
| 2.1.2. |
Description and analysis of the main technology components of printed, flexible and organic electronics |
| 2.1.3. |
Market potential and profitability |
| 2.1.4. |
Printed/flexible electronics in automotive applications. |
| 2.1.5. |
Transitions in the automotive industry |
| 2.1.6. |
Trends in automotive powertrain adoption |
| 2.1.7. |
Trends in autonomous vehicle adoption |
| 2.1.8. |
What are the levels of automation in cars? |
| 2.1.9. |
Opportunities for printed/flexible electronics in automotive applications |
| 2.1.10. |
Advantages of roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing |
| 2.1.11. |
Flexible hybrid electronic (FHE) circuits for automotive applications |
| 2.1.12. |
What is flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)? |
| 2.1.13. |
What counts as FHE? |
| 2.1.14. |
FHE: The best of both worlds? |
| 2.1.15. |
Overcoming the flexibility/functionality compromise |
| 2.1.16. |
Commonality with other electronics methodologies |
| 2.1.17. |
Automotive-relevant attributes of FHE |
| 2.1.18. |
PCB replacement with FHE circuits |
| 2.2. |
Overall market forecasts |
| 2.2.1. |
Forecasting methodology |
| 2.2.2. |
Forecast: Global car market by powertrain |
| 2.2.3. |
Forecast: Global autonomous car market |
| 2.2.4. |
Forecast: Global autonomous car market (data table) |
| 2.2.5. |
Overall forecast: Printed/flexible electronics in automotive applications (volume) |
| 2.2.6. |
Overall forecast: Printed/flexible electronics in automotive applications (volume) (data table) |
| 2.2.7. |
Overall forecast: Printed/flexible electronics in automotive applications (revenue) |
| 2.2.8. |
Overall forecast: Printed/flexible electronics in automotive applications (revenue) (data table) |
| 2.2.9. |
Forecast revenue CAGR 2021-2031 |
| 2.2.10. |
Forecast: Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) |
| 2.2.11. |
Forecast: Flexible hybrid electronics (data table) |
| 2.2.12. |
Forecast: Printed sensors and heaters for batteries |
| 2.2.13. |
Forecast: TIMs for electric vehicles |
| 2.2.14. |
Forecast: TIMs for electric vehicles (data table) |
| 2.2.15. |
Forecast: HMI technologies |
| 2.2.16. |
Forecast: HMI technologies (data table) |
| 2.2.17. |
Forecast: OLED displays |
| 2.2.18. |
Forecast: OLED displays (data table) |
| 2.2.19. |
Forecast: IME /FIM/Electronics on 3D surfaces |
| 2.2.20. |
Forecast: IME/FIM/Electronics on 3D surfaces (data table) |
| 2.2.21. |
Forecast: Printed heaters for seats and interior (data table) |
| 2.2.22. |
Forecast: Exterior applications of printed/flexible electronics |
| 3. |
PRINTED/FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE POWERTRAINS |
| 3.1.1. |
Printed/flexible electronics in electric vehicles |
| 3.2. |
Battery monitoring/heating for electric vehicles |
| 3.2.1. |
Introduction to thermal management for electric vehicles |
| 3.2.2. |
Battery thermal management: Optimal temperature required |
| 3.2.3. |
Integrated battery temperature sensing and heating: IEE |
| 3.2.4. |
Printed battery module heater: IEE |
| 3.2.5. |
Silicon nanoparticle ink for temperature sensing (PST Sensors) (II) |
| 3.2.6. |
Printed temperature sensors and heaters |
| 3.2.7. |
InnovationLab: Integrated pressure/temperature sensors and heaters for battery cells |
| 3.2.8. |
SWOT: Temperature control (sensing/heating) for battery systems |
| 3.2.9. |
Temperature control (sensing/heating) for battery systems |
| 3.3. |
Thermal interface materials for electric vehicle powertrains |
| 3.3.1. |
Thermal management materials (TIMs) in automotive applications |
| 3.3.2. |
Thermal management – pack and module overview |
| 3.3.3. |
Why use TIM in power modules? |
| 3.3.4. |
Automotive applications are a harsh environment |
| 3.3.5. |
Thermal greases are still the norm |
| 3.3.6. |
Thermal management of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) |
| 3.3.7. |
Alternatives TIMs: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) |
| 3.3.8. |
Carbon nanotubes for TIMs: Stanford University |
| 3.3.9. |
Thermoelectric Coolers and Generators |
| 3.3.10. |
Thermoelectric coolers and generators |
| 3.3.11. |
SWOT: Thermal management materials |
| 3.3.12. |
Thermal management and thermal interface materials |
| 3.4. |
Summary: Printed/flexible electronics in electric vehicle powertrains |
| 3.4.1. |
Technological/commercial readiness level of printed/flexible electronics in vehicle powertrains |
| 3.4.2. |
Forecast: Printed sensors and heaters for batteries |
| 3.4.3. |
Forecast: TIMs for electric vehicles |
| 3.4.4. |
Forecast: TIMs for electric vehicles (data table) |
| 4. |
PRINTED/FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS IN VEHICLE INTERIORS |
| 4.1.1. |
Vehicle interiors increasingly provide differentiation |
| 4.1.2. |
Printed / flexible electronics in car interiors |
| 4.1.3. |
Evolution of car interiors: 1950s – 1980s |
| 4.1.4. |
Evolution of car interiors: 1990s – today |
| 4.1.5. |
Evolution of car interiors: today – future |
| 4.1.6. |
Printed/flexible electronics opportunities from car interior trends |
| 4.1.7. |
Printed/flexible electronics enables cost differentiation and/or cost reduction |
| 4.2. |
Human machine interface (HMI) technologies |
| 4.2.1. |
Company profiles: HMI Sensors |
| 4.2.2. |
Piezoresistive sensors |
| 4.2.3. |
Printed piezoresistive sensors: An introduction |
| 4.2.4. |
Automotive applications for printed piezoresistive sensors |
| 4.2.5. |
Automotive seat occupancy sensors |
| 4.2.6. |
What are force sensing resistors (FSR)? |
| 4.2.7. |
What is piezoresistance? |
| 4.2.8. |
Percolation dependent resistance |
| 4.2.9. |
Thru-mode sensors |
| 4.2.10. |
Shunt mode sensors |
| 4.2.11. |
Force vs resistance characteristics |
| 4.2.12. |
Piezoresistive inks for force sensitive resistors |
| 4.2.13. |
Complete material portfolio approach is common |
| 4.2.14. |
IEE: Seat occupancy sensors |
| 4.2.15. |
ForcIOT: Integrated stretchable pressure sensors |
| 4.2.16. |
Tangio: 3D multi-touch pressure sensors |
| 4.2.17. |
Tekscan: Matrix pressure sensor architecture |
| 4.2.18. |
Piezoresistive sensors in car seats |
| 4.2.19. |
InnovationLab: Spatially resolved flexible pressure sensor |
| 4.2.20. |
Technological development of piezoresistive sensors. |
| 4.2.21. |
Business models for printed piezoresistive sensors |
| 4.2.22. |
SWOT: Piezoresistive sensors |
| 4.2.23. |
Capacitive sensors |
| 4.2.24. |
Capacitive sensors: Working principle |
| 4.2.25. |
TG0: Integrated capacitive sensing |
| 4.2.26. |
Rotary dial on a capacitive touch screen |
| 4.2.27. |
Conductive materials for transparent capacitive sensors |
| 4.2.28. |
Quantitative benchmarking of different TCF technologies |
| 4.2.29. |
Technology comparison |
| 4.2.30. |
Silver nanowires: An introduction |
| 4.2.31. |
Properties of silver nanowires |
| 4.2.32. |
Combining AgNW and CNTs for a TCF material (Chasm) |
| 4.2.33. |
Metal mesh: Photolithography followed by etching |
| 4.2.34. |
Direct printed metal mesh transparent conductive films: performance |
| 4.2.35. |
Direct printed metal mesh transparent conductive films: major shortcomings |
| 4.2.36. |
Introduction to Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) |
| 4.2.37. |
Carbon nanotube transparent conductive films: performance of commercial films on the market |
| 4.2.38. |
Carbon nanotube transparent conductive films: mechanical flexibility |
| 4.2.39. |
PEDOT:PSS |
| 4.2.40. |
Performance of PEDOT:PSS has drastically improved |
| 4.2.41. |
Use case examples of PEDOT:PSS TCF for capacitive touch sensors |
| 4.2.42. |
SWOT: Printed/flexible capacitive sensors |
| 4.2.43. |
Hybrid piezoresistive/capacitive sensors |
| 4.2.44. |
Tangio: Hybrid FSR/capacitive sensors |
| 4.2.45. |
Curved sensors with consistent zero (Tacterion) |
| 4.2.46. |
Tacterion: Flexible combined force/capacitive sensing |
| 4.2.47. |
Summary: Printed piezoresistive sensor applications |
| 4.2.48. |
SWOT: Hybrid piezoresistive / capacitive sensors |
| 4.2.49. |
Piezoelectric sensors |
| 4.2.50. |
Piezoelectric sensors: An introduction |
| 4.2.51. |
Printed piezoelectric sensor |
| 4.2.52. |
Piezoelectric polymers |
| 4.2.53. |
PVDF-based polymer options for sensing and haptic actuators |
| 4.2.54. |
Piezoelectric polymers sensors: Pyzoflex |
| 4.2.55. |
Meggitt: Inorganic piezoelectric inks |
| 4.2.56. |
SWOT: Piezoelectric sensors |
| 4.3. |
Printed/flexible interior heaters |
| 4.3.1. |
Printed car seat heaters |
| 4.3.2. |
Car seat heaters |
| 4.3.3. |
Graphene inks are a potential substitute? |
| 4.3.4. |
Transparent circuits as car interior heaters |
| 4.3.5. |
Transparent circuits as car interior heaters (continued) |
| 4.3.6. |
Company profiles: Printed/flexible interior heaters |
| 4.3.7. |
SWOT: Printed/flexible interior heaters |
| 4.4. |
Emerging manufacturing methodologies for integrating electronics |
| 4.4.1. |
Metallization and materials for each 3D electronics methodology |
| 4.4.2. |
3D electronics manufacturing method flowchart |
| 4.4.3. |
HMI: Trend towards 3D touch surfaces |
| 4.4.4. |
Company profiles: Emerging manufacturing methodologies |
| 4.4.5. |
Printing electronics onto 3D surfaces |
| 4.4.6. |
3D electronics requires special electronic design software |
| 4.4.7. |
Advantages of 3D electronics vs conventional PCBs |
| 4.4.8. |
Motivation for 3D electronics |
| 4.4.9. |
Comparing selective metallization methods |
| 4.4.10. |
Aerosol deposition onto 3D surfaces |
| 4.4.11. |
Replacing wiring bundles with printed electronics |
| 4.4.12. |
Comparison of metallization methods |
| 4.4.13. |
SWOT: Electronics onto 3D surfaces |
| 4.4.14. |
Summary: Electronics onto 3D surfaces |
| 4.4.15. |
In-mold electronics (IME) and film-insert molding (FIM) |
| 4.4.16. |
In-mold electronics: Summary |
| 4.4.17. |
Manufacturing in-mold electronics (IME)? |
| 4.4.18. |
What is the in-mold electronic process? |
| 4.4.19. |
Motivation for IME in automotive applications |
| 4.4.20. |
In-mold electronic application: Automotive |
| 4.4.21. |
Addressable market in vehicle interiors in 2020 and 2025 |
| 4.4.22. |
Automotive: In-mold decoration product examples |
| 4.4.23. |
Case study: Ford and T-ink |
| 4.4.24. |
Automotive: Human machine interfaces |
| 4.4.25. |
Stretchable conductive inks for in-mold electronics |
| 4.4.26. |
In-mold conductive inks on the market |
| 4.4.27. |
Printed and thermoformed overhead console |
| 4.4.28. |
Covestro: Plastics for IME |
| 4.4.29. |
Plastic Electronic: Film insert molding |
| 4.4.30. |
PolyIC: Film insert molding |
| 4.4.31. |
Molex: Capacitive touch panel with backlighting |
| 4.4.32. |
SWOT: In-mold electronics (IME) and film-insert molding (FIM) |
| 4.5. |
Interior displays and lighting |
| 4.5.1. |
Mercedes-Benz: 3 screens mounted collectively |
| 4.5.2. |
Increased adoption of large displays and lighting |
| 4.5.3. |
Company profiles: Interior displays and lighting |
| 4.5.4. |
OLED and flexible displays |
| 4.5.5. |
OLED displays for automotive applications |
| 4.5.6. |
Where are OLED displays used in automotive applications? |
| 4.5.7. |
Visteon: Curved screens in automotive interiors |
| 4.5.8. |
ROYOLE: Flexible OLED displays for gauge clusters |
| 4.5.9. |
Passive-matrix OLEDs |
| 4.5.10. |
Active matrix OLED in automotive applications |
| 4.5.11. |
Transparent OLED for heads-up displays |
| 4.5.12. |
Flexible LCD displays |
| 4.5.13. |
SWOT: OLED and flexible displays |
| 4.5.14. |
Emerging display and lighting technologies for automotive interiors |
| 4.5.15. |
Printed/flexible electronics in automotive displays and lighting |
| 4.5.16. |
Micro-LED in automotive displays |
| 4.5.17. |
Comparisons of LEDs for displays |
| 4.5.18. |
Integrating lighting and e-textiles |
| 4.5.19. |
Printed LED lighting (NthDegree) |
| 4.5.20. |
SWOT: Emerging display and lighting technologies |
| 4.6. |
Summary: Printed/flexible electronics in vehicle interiors |
| 4.6.1. |
Summary: Printed/flexible electronics in vehicle interiors |
| 4.6.2. |
Technological/commercial readiness level of printed/flexible electronics in vehicle interiors |
| 4.6.3. |
Forecast: HMI technologies |
| 4.6.4. |
Forecasts: HMI technologies (data table) |
| 4.6.5. |
Forecast: OLED displays |
| 4.6.6. |
Forecasts: OLED displays (data table) |
| 4.6.7. |
Forecast: IME /FIM/Electronics on 3D surfaces |
| 4.6.8. |
Forecast: IME/FIM/Electronics on 3D surfaces (data table) |
| 4.6.9. |
Forecast: Printed heaters for seats and interior (data table) |
| 5. |
PRINTED/FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS IN VEHICLE EXTERIORS |
| 5.1.1. |
Printed/flexible electronics in vehicle exteriors |
| 5.2. |
Hybrid SWIR image sensors |
| 5.2.1. |
SWIR for autonomous mobility and ADAS |
| 5.2.2. |
Other SWIR benefits: Better hazard detection |
| 5.2.3. |
Types of printed photodetectors/image sensors |
| 5.2.4. |
SWIR: Incumbent and emerging technology options |
| 5.2.5. |
Existing long wavelength detection: InGaAs |
| 5.2.6. |
OPD on CMOS hybrid image sensors |
| 5.2.7. |
Fraunhofer FEP: SWIR OPD-on-CMOS sensors |
| 5.2.8. |
Quantum dots as optical sensor materials |
| 5.2.9. |
Hybrid quantum dots for SWIR imaging |
| 5.2.10. |
QD-Si hybrid image sensors: Reducing thickness |
| 5.2.11. |
QD-Si hybrid image sensors: Low power and high sensitivity to structured light detection for machine vision? |
| 5.2.12. |
Advantage of solution processing: Ease of integration with a silicon ROIC |
| 5.2.13. |
Quantum dot films: Processing challenges |
| 5.2.14. |
How is the QD layer applied? |
| 5.2.15. |
Emberion: QD-Graphene-Si broad range SWIR sensor |
| 5.2.16. |
QD-on-CMOS integration examples (IMEC) |
| 5.2.17. |
Challenges for QD-Si technology for SWIR imaging. |
| 5.2.18. |
QD-on-CMOS sensors ongoing technical challenges |
| 5.2.19. |
Comparing SWIR image sensors technologies |
| 5.2.20. |
Technology readiness level snapshot of printed image sensors |
| 5.2.21. |
SWOT: Hybrid SWIR image sensors |
| 5.2.22. |
Company profiles: SWIR imaging with hybrid sensors |
| 5.3. |
Integrated antenna (including for radar) |
| 5.3.1. |
Transparent electronics for ADAS radar |
| 5.3.2. |
Radar integrated into headlights |
| 5.3.3. |
Radar integrated into headlights (continued) |
| 5.3.4. |
SWOT: Integrated antennas with printed electronics |
| 5.3.5. |
Company profiles: Integrated antennas |
| 5.4. |
Exterior lighting |
| 5.4.1. |
Opportunities for printed/flexible electronics in exterior automotive lighting |
| 5.4.2. |
OLED lighting |
| 5.4.3. |
Commercializing OLED lighting is more challenging than OLED displays |
| 5.4.4. |
OLED taillights commercialized |
| 5.4.5. |
Comparing OLED and LED lighting |
| 5.4.6. |
Konica Minolta develops R2R line |
| 5.4.7. |
Mini-LEDs on flexible substrates for automotive lighting. |
| 5.4.8. |
Flexbright mount LEDs on flexible substrates for bus/tram destination boards. |
| 5.4.9. |
Lighting for autonomous car-to-person communication |
| 5.4.10. |
SWOT: Flexible/printed exterior lighting |
| 5.4.11. |
Company profiles: Exterior lighting |
| 5.4.12. |
Transparent heaters for exterior lighting / sensors / windows |
| 5.5. |
Transparent heaters for exterior lighting/sensors/windows |
| 5.5.1. |
Automotive de-foggers are an established business |
| 5.5.2. |
Printing on polycarbonate car windows. |
| 5.5.3. |
Printed on-glass heater: digital printing comes of age? |
| 5.5.4. |
Key suppliers for rear window defoggers |
| 5.5.5. |
Growing need for 3D shaped transparent heater in automotive |
| 5.5.6. |
Direct heating of headlamp plastic covers |
| 5.5.7. |
Laser transfer printing as a new process for vehicle glass printing |
| 5.5.8. |
Metal mesh transparent conductors as replacement for printed heaters? |
| 5.5.9. |
Chasm: Transparent heaters with silver nanowires/CNTs |
| 5.5.10. |
Carbon nanotube transparent conductors as replacement for printed heaters? |
| 5.5.11. |
SWOT: Transparent heaters for exterior lighting / sensors / windows |
| 5.5.12. |
Company profiles: Transparent exterior heaters |
| 5.6. |
Printed/flexible photovoltaics |
| 5.6.1. |
Where are printed/flexible photovoltaics envisaged in cars? |
| 5.6.2. |
Webasto: Semi-transparent solar PV roof |
| 5.6.3. |
Lightyear: Long range solar electric vehicle |
| 5.6.4. |
Toyota develop solar powered car |
| 5.6.5. |
Hyundai introduces silicon solar panels on roofs. |
| 5.6.6. |
Sono Motors develop solar powered car |
| 5.6.7. |
Tandem silicon-perovskite solar cells increase efficiency |
| 5.6.8. |
Challenges in the adoption of PV in automotive applications |
| 5.6.9. |
Company profiles: PV in automotive applications |
| 5.7. |
Summary: Printed/flexible electronics in vehicle exteriors |
| 5.7.1. |
Summary: Exterior |
| 5.7.2. |
Technological/commercial readiness level of printed/flexible electronics in vehicle exteriors |
| 5.7.3. |
Forecast: Exterior applications of printed/flexible electronics |
